Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey Essay -- Establishment of M

Masculinity in Deliverance by mob DickeyThe novel Deliverance by James Dickey portrays the essence of middle-aged work force experiencing the mid-life crisis through which they must prove to themselves and more importantly every one else that they still possess the strength, bravery, intelligence, and charm believed to be societys ideal of masculinity. Dickeys four main characters take in charge a risky adventure to satisfy their selfish complexes and prove to the world that they are still the strong young men their wives married. Each character represents a different stereotype of the middle-aged man, and therefore experiences a different type of psychological and physical journey than their peers. The character Drew Ballinger in Deliverance is a sales supervisor at a soft-drink companionship who is very devoted to his son and his job. Drew is the character who represents the middl e-aged mans desire for talent and attention. Drew plays the guitar and his melody is his true companion. Without having any talent, as he would be the first to tell you, Drew played mighty swell, through sheer devotion.(Dickey, 11) For Drew the highlight of this charge up is his duo with Lonnie, an uneducated banjo player. Drew obviously finds this the most exhilarating part of the adventure in that he is the center of attention and is playing very well with a talented young man. I had never heard him play so well, and I reallybegan to listen deeply, moved as an unmusical soulfulness is moved when he consumes that the music ismeant.I could not see Drews face, but the back of his neck was sheer joyI was glad for Drews sake that we had come. Jus... ...ecamea self-command to me, a personal, private possession, as nothing else in my life ever had. Now it ran nowhere but inmy head, but there it ran as though immortally. I could expression it- I can feel it - on different places on my body. It pleases me in some curious way that the river does not exist, and that I leave it.In me it still is, and will be until I die, green, rocky, deep, fast, slowand beautiful beyond realityThe river underlieseverything that Ido. It is always finding a way to do me(Dickey, 275-6) Thus, Ed is the protagonist and hero of Deliverance. It is through this equivocal voyage that Drew, Bobby, Lewis, and Ed undertake, that they prove their masculinity, or lack there of, to themselves and to the society in which they live.Works CitedDickey, James Deliverance. 1970. New York Dell Publishing, 1994. Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey Essay -- Establishment of MMasculinity in Deliverance by James DickeyThe novel Deliverance by James Dickey portrays the essence of middle-aged men experiencing the mid-life crisis through which they must prove to themselves and more importantly every one else that they still possess the strength, bravery, intell igence, and charm believed to be societys ideal of masculinity. Dickeys four main characters undertake a risky adventure to satisfy their egotistical complexes and prove to the world that they are still the strong young men their wives married. Each character represents a different stereotype of the middle-aged man, and therefore experiences a different type of psychological and physical journey than their peers. The character Drew Ballinger in Deliverance is a sales supervisor at a soft-drink company who is very devoted to his son and his job. Drew is the character who represents the middle-aged mans desire for talent and attention. Drew plays the guitar and his music is his true companion. Without having any talent, as he would be the first to tell you, Drew played mighty well, through sheer devotion.(Dickey, 11) For Drew the highlight of this trip is his duo with Lonnie, an un educated banjo player. Drew obviously finds this the most exhilarating part of the adventure in that he is the center of attention and is playing very well with a talented young man. I had never heard him play so well, and I reallybegan to listen deeply, moved as an unmusical person is moved when he sees that the music ismeant.I could not see Drews face, but the back of his neck was sheer joyI was glad for Drews sake that we had come. Jus... ...ecamea possession to me, a personal, private possession, as nothing else in my life ever had. Now it ran nowhere but inmy head, but there it ran as though immortally. I could feel it- I can feel it - on different places on my body. It pleases me in some curious way that the river does not exist, and that I have it.In me it still is, and will be until I die, green, rocky, deep, fast, slowand beautiful beyond realityThe river underlieseverything that Ido. It is always finding a way to serve me(Dickey, 275-6) Thus, Ed is the protagon ist and hero of Deliverance. It is through this perilous voyage that Drew, Bobby, Lewis, and Ed undertake, that they prove their masculinity, or lack there of, to themselves and to the society in which they live.Works CitedDickey, James Deliverance. 1970. New York Dell Publishing, 1994.

A Clockwork Orange :: essays research papers

The narrator, 15-year-old Alex, and his gang - Dim, Pete, and Georgie - run amok in futuristic London. When the foursome isnt downing drug-laced milk in the Korova Milkbar and language in the Slavic-influenced slang of nadsat, they atomic number 18 robbing, beating, and raping socialist Londons citizens. On this particular night, they beat up an old man with science books and a homeless man, get into a shinny with a rival gang led by Billybob, and steal a car and take it for a joyride to the country. At a bungalow labeled "HOME," they beat up the author of "A Clockwork Orange" - a manuscript celebrating human free will and denouncing any infringement upon it - and rape his wife. tush at the Korova Milkbar, Alex hits Dim for interrupting a woman singing a piece from an opera - Alex is a great lover of classical music, especially Beethoven, and he endlessly imagines himself engaging in violent and sexual acts spell listening to it. Alexs parents are ineffectual, and his farcical Post-Corrective Adviser, P.R. Deltoid, cannot fathom why Londons youth has turned to criminality. The next night, Alex gets into a fight with Dim and Georgie to assert his leadership. The gang proposes they rob a rich old womans house. After an unsuccessful attempt to get the woman to open the door, Alex sneaks into the house while his friends wait outside. He gets into a fight with the woman and her cats, but the police soon arrive. His friends betray him, temporarily blinding him while they flee, and Alex is arrested. The police brutalize Alex and are elated to have caught him. Alex soon discovers the woman has died, and he is sentenced to 14 years of jail for murder. Alex, now known as number "6655321," spends two years in State jail, dealing with brutal wardens, homosexual prisoners, and mindless labor. He relates that Georgie has died. His one supporter in prison is the chaplain, who has taken Alex under his wing since Alex got interested in the Bible - little does he know that Alex entertains violent fantasies when reading the book. Alex asks about a new treatment - Ludovicos Technique - which frees the prisoner and ensures he remains free. The chaplain is quizzical about the treatment, as it eliminates the subjects power to choose. A cell scuffle results in Alexs killing a new prisoner, and the powerful Minister of the Interior asks the prison regulator to use Alex as a guinea pig for the new treatment.

The Count of Monte Cristo :: The Count of Monte Cristo

The Count of Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo is an interesting tale about a sailor named Dantes who changes his whole persona in order to follow back at his enemies. Dantes becomes a number of different people in order to carry out his plans. The changes Dantes went through made his different stages as a sailor and later as a mastermind of vengeance seem like day and night. Although Dantes seems genuinely nave at the beginning of the story, he becomes very sharp during his stay in jail. By the amount of detail and preciseness in his plans, Dantes as the Count can be looked as a mastermind. some(prenominal) of Dantes knowledge comes from the old, thought to be crazy, priest named Faria that taught him in prison. Faria was also responsible for much of Dantes character change due to his great power of reasoning. Because Faria had given him a treasure and a hunger for vengeance, Dantes was willing and had enough money and power to carry out revenge on his enemies. Far ia is the first person that opens up Dantes eye so that he can see who his enemies really are. When Dantes first meets Faria, he is overjoyed because he hasnt seen another person, other than the guard, for years. Faria reaches Dantes by means of a tunnel that took him 3 years to dig with his makeshift tools. Even though he had limited resources, Faria made matches, a lantern, a ladder, and a knife. Faria hid all these tools croup two separate rocks in his cell. All of these things show how smart Faria really was. Farias intelligence is what helps Dantes make his transformation. There is a maxim of jurisprudence which says, If you deficiency to discover the guilty person, first find out to whom the crime might be useful. To whom might your disappearance be useful? This quote makes it apparent to Dantes that it wasnt just a big accident that he went to jail. When Dantes found this out, you could see an immediate change in his character. After Dantes gets the treasure that Faria ga ve him, he starts to put his biz for revenge into action. The first thing Dantes does after he gets the treasure is to change into the Count of Monte Cristo.

Death of a Salesman :: essays research papers

Death of a SalesmanThe American dream is, in part, responsible for(p) for a great deal of crime and violence because people feel that the country owes them not only a living but a well behaved living. Said David Abrahansen. This is true and appropriate in the case of Willy Loman, and his son Biff Loman. Both are eager to obtain their American dream, even though two have completely different views of what that dream should be. The play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller shows the typical lives of typical Americans in the 1940s. Millers prime(a) of a salesman to be the main character in this play was not a coincidence, since it represents the typical middle-class working American, some of which have no skillful skills what so ever. Millers play gives us insides on the daily lives of many Americans, this through the eyes of Willy and Biff Loman, he also shows what kind of personalities, what dreams they have, and their different points of view of what the American dream means. Willy Loman is a sixty-one years old who has been taken off salary, put on straight commission and eventually discharged from the Wagner Company because he is no longer effective. In the story he is portrait as a tragic figure thats largely to satanic for his own downfall. He puts his wife Linda into the position where she is totally dependent on him. Because Willy has an incorrigible inability to tell the truth, even to himself, and an unreasonable mode of thinking, he ripeifies his shoemakers last by saying that his sacrifice will save his sons, particularly Biff he believes that the insurance money they collect will be a apparent remembrance of him. Willys dream was to become like Dave Singleman, who was a very popular salesman, liked by his clients and, able to do business by just making a phone call. Because he was so well liked, when Singleman died, customers from all over his region came to his funeral. Willy dared to believe that his funeral would be similar to Singlema ns. Throughout his life, Willy believed that if one were inviting and well liked, everything would be perfect. The doors would automatically open for such a man, and he was sure to be successful. Willys American dream was to become rich and notable through his sales, a dream that consumed his life, making him live in an imaginary world where he would often talk to himself.

Friendly Gossip is an Oxymoron :: Friendship Essay

Friendly Gossip is an Oxymoron Can you keep a secret? Becky asked me in a hushed tone. We were in my living room. Last I checked, my walls dont have ears. I had no idea why she was speaking so quietly.Why? What is it? I was wise to this type of chit-chat. She wanted to tell me a interchange of gossip that she wasnt supposed to reveal. Her betrayal was quickly becoming my problem.Before I could respond negatively, she burst out, Jennifer is pregnant. She just found out and told me, but asked me non to tell anyone. You wont tell, will you? She continued, Just act surprised when she tells you.Okay, I managed halfheartedly. How unfair. Now I knew something I shouldnt even worse, I had to pretend to be clueless. Becky hadnt even granted me a chance to say, No, I dont want to know. I honestly didnt want to know. I had been in similar situations before and gotten burned. I lost a effective friend because of revealed secrets and gossip. Curiosity doesnt even get the best of me anymore.No w the games begin, I thought. Should I betray Becky or Jennifer? History repeats itself and I knew nothing but surmise would come of this conversation. Unfortunately, there is truly no such thing as friendly gossip. At that moment, I knew that I couldnt trust Becky. Had she been revealing all the confidences that I shared with her in the past? She had always been a close friend. She was also that friend from whom I always learned the latest scoop on everyone. I started thinking of the countless secrets that I told her over the four years we knew each other. Many of those conversations became public. I hadnt thought she was the person who told. I hadnt considered that someone who claimed to be a dear friend would divulge my feelings. I heard an abundance of gossip from her lips. Not until she sat in my living room whispering about Jennifer had I considered she was a blabbermouth.I had told Becky when I discovered I was pregnant. She was ecstatic. I hadnt told anyone else. A few days later, everyone was congratulating me. I was hurt. I wanted to impart my wonderful news. I was deprived of the experience. Despite my hurt feelings, I didnt want to confront her. I didnt tell her that I suspected that she blabbed.

Friendly Gossip is an Oxymoron :: Friendship Essay

Friendly Gossip is an Oxymoron Can you keep a secret? Becky asked me in a hushed tone. We were in my living room. Last I checked, my walls dont have ears. I had no idea why she was speaking so quietly.Why? What is it? I was wise to this type of chit-chat. She wanted to tell me a section of gossip that she wasnt supposed to reveal. Her betrayal was quickly becoming my problem.Before I could respond negatively, she burst out, Jennifer is pregnant. She just found out and told me, but asked me not to tell anyone. You wont tell, will you? She continued, Just act surprised when she tells you.Okay, I managed halfheartedly. How unfair. Now I knew something I shouldnt even worse, I had to pretend to be clueless. Becky hadnt even accustomed me a chance to say, No, I dont want to know. I honestly didnt want to know. I had been in similar situations before and gotten burned. I lost a sound friend because of revealed secrets and gossip. Curiosity doesnt even get the best of me anymore.Now the games begin, I thought. Should I betray Becky or Jennifer? History repeats itself and I knew nothing but suspect would come of this conversation. Unfortunately, there is truly no such thing as friendly gossip. At that moment, I knew that I couldnt trust Becky. Had she been revealing all the confidences that I shared with her in the past? She had always been a close friend. She was also that friend from whom I always learned the latest scoop on everyone. I started thinking of the countless secrets that I told her over the four years we knew each other. Many of those conversations became public. I hadnt thought she was the person who told. I hadnt considered that someone who claimed to be a dear friend would divulge my feelings. I heard an abundance of gossip from her lips. Not until she sat in my living room whispering about Jennifer had I considered she was a blabbermouth.I had told Becky when I discovered I was pregnant. She was ecstatic. I hadnt told anyone else. A few days later , everyone was congratulating me. I was hurt. I wanted to impart my wonderful news. I was deprived of the experience. Despite my hurt feelings, I didnt want to confront her. I didnt tell her that I suspected that she blabbed.

“Anthem For A Doomed Youth” By Wilfred Owen Essay

Anthem for Doomed Youth is an elegy in which Wilfred Owen conveys his heart felt melancholy and disgust for the loss of life in World War I. This verse form shatters the fantasized images of war by juxtaposing the opposite worlds of reality and the romanticized rhetoric that distorts it. He writes about the on-key experience of military death, and effectively expresses these powerful sentiments in only fourteen lines by use of a somewhat violent imagery that is compounded by the constant comparison of reality to myth.The metrical composition is intriguingly entitled, Anthem for Doomed Youth. Beginning with the title, Owen places his words into a context that contrasts with his message. An anthem is usually a patriotic variant of a group of people, country, or nation as a means to honor it, such as in the National Anthem. An anthem is a telephone call that is supposed to conjure up feelings of chauvinism, and love for ones country or group. Here in America, our National Anthem es pecially reminds us of the soldier, who is unendingly juxtaposed with the image of the Star Spangled Banner.The National Anthem is thought to be something that is synonymous with praise for ones country and contribute of its troops. For Owen to name his poem Anthem for Doomed Youth implies that those Doomed Youth have no other anthem to honor them. Owen is reflection that the experience of the dying youth is not the one that is conveyed in the National Anthem. His argument is that his poem expresses the true sentiment of the dying youth of war.In the runner sentence, Owen begins describing what he views as the authentic image of war by use of an eye-catching analogy. This analogy postulates that the youth who are being massacred are dying like cattle. This is such a striking phrase because cattle live and die the worst of lives. Cattle are bred only for mass slaughter, and death is inevitable for them. They are kept in confined places, often surrounded by fences and barbed wire . Cattle are also considered to have no purpose in life except to work and nourish others. It is clear that this comparison of dying soldiers to cattle is not a flattering one, and it is a comparison that would not be given by an advocate of war. It is in direct opposition to the description of valor andhonor that comes forward from the romanticized description of soldiers. Owen places this striking analogy at the end of a rhetorical apparent motion that he himself answers in the next few lines.The question that Owen asks is, What passing bells for these who die as cattle? The passing bells refer to the bells that are tolled after someones death to announce that death to the world. Owen says that unlike a funeral procession the only things that announce the death of these soldiers are the sounds of the instruments that killed them. He answers his opening question by saying that the only bells that are tolled are the indelible sounds of war and death. When describing those sounds of war, Owen projects upon the indorser the evil pastimes of war through words like monstrous, anger, and rattle. These are words that give the commentator a taste of fear, and a sense of echoing desolation.The mho stanza continues in its comparing of the sounds and images of a funeral procession to the sounds and images of a battlefield. He uses vivid words to manifest the harshness of war in this stanza just as he did in the first stanza. However, in the second stanza, Owen focuses on imagery of sadness and remorse quite an than evil and horror. Owen seems to be sequentially describing the problems with the war in the first eight lines. First, he ingrains on the reader the sights and sounds of the battlefield. Then, he expresses the after effects of sorrow and sadness. For example, the second stanza contains the words mourning, wailing, bugles, sad, and shires, all signs and descriptions of remorse.The concluding sestet brakes off greatly from the rest of the poem. The first two stanzas use heavy imagery to illustrate the horrors of war, and the loneliness that accompanies it. The stanzas lament over the fact that the soldiers die a death of vanity, and are not remembered. The words that are used are very harsh and acidulent in that they leave the reader with a feeling of the bloodshed and loss. The last stanza is more melancholy and reflective in its words than the previous two. And unlike the first two stanzas, the question that introduces them is answered in a way that leaves the reader with some type of solace. This feeling of hope in the sestet is culminatedin the last lines of the stanza, demo that the boys will be remembered by some.Owens sobering imagery is greatly empowered through his juxtaposition of conflicting ideas of war. Another example of this is his formatting the poem into a sonnet. Sonnets are normally written about themes of love and romance. Owen wrote about death and disenfranchisement. The use of the word anthem in the title ad ds to this style as well. An anthem is usually a superficial, upbeat, sappy song. This anthem is sad, gloomy, and somber.This usage of irony gives the poem a shocking effect by packaging the text of the poem in the form of a sonnet and anthem while the poem has a message that is antithetical to those two genres. This seemingly paradoxical approach makes the reader feel the power of Owens concepts because those concepts are so strongly contrasted by conflicting images.

Communication Process Worksheet Essay

Think about a interpret you have experienced with another someone at work, school, or in a health care environment. Write your answers in paragraph form.1. Briefly describe the mistaking, including the setting and the people involved. The misunderstanding I experienced was at work, when communication was crossed between me, my managing director, and the Pathologist. I was told to do a certain project by the pathologist, and my manager had told me to get back to my desk and run phone calls. I had told my manager that Im not supposed to be on the phone, because Im doing a special project for the pathologist. The manager thought I was lying and she had to go talk to the pathologist that had advised me of the special project. It was later found out that I was to do the project afterward lunch when we usually dont receive phone calls.2. Complete the following table with information from your described misunderstanding.3. The perception model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace shows that prior knowledge and experiences combine with your psychological state to shape your subjective reality. What was your perception going into the situation? How did your perception of the misunderstanding affect the communication process?My perception going into the situation was that I had to start on the project overcompensate away and get it done as soon as possible. The project was my top priority. After I finish the project I would go back to my desk and continue my think over tasks. My perception of the misunderstanding affected the communication process by not getting the job done when it should have been done. Thinking that I had to get on the project right away I forgot about my daily work tasks. Not doing my daily tasks would result in missed important phone calls and delayed tasks. With the misunderstanding I would have the wrong task done at the wrong times causing mishap and confusion. With missed phone calls there would be missed requests, concerns, and ord ers from our clients. The job would of not run smoothly that day. If communication was understood I would of completed my daily job tasks, then go on to finishing the project.4. After reflecting on your misunderstanding and analyzing it with what you have learned this week, what did you learn about the communication process? What I learned about communication processes is the fact how a message is encoded or decoded to the sender and to the receiver, The way the communication process works out depends on how well the message is sent to the receiver.ReferenceCheesebro, T., OConnor, L., & Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. pep pill Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

Casse

Reproduced from 50 Activities for Teambuilding Mike Woodcock, Cower, Aldershot, 1988 CAVE RESCUE BRIEFING tack You get been called to an arrest meeting as one of your companys experiments in a sabotage has gone badly wrong. Six volunteers have been taken into a spelunk system in a remote part of the country, connected only by a radio link to the research station by the cave entrance. It was intended that the volunteers would spend four days underground, but they have been trapped by falling rocks and rising water.The only hand over team available tells you that rescue will be extremely difficult and only one person can be brought out each hour with the equipment at their disposal. It is likely that the apace rising water will drown some of the volunteers before rescuecan take place. The volunteers are aware of the dangers of their plight. They have contacted the researchstation victimisation radio link and said that they are unwilling to take a decision as to the sequence by which they will be rescued. The responsibility for reservation this decision now rests with your committee.Lifesaving equipment will arrive in fifty minutes at the cave entrance and you will need to advise the team of the come in for rescue by completing the ranking sheet. The only information you have available is drawn from the project files and is reproduced on the volunteer personal details sheet. You whitethorn use any criteriayou think fit to help you makea decision. Volunteer 1 Helen Helen is 34 years old and a housewife. She has four children sr. between 7 months and 8 years. Her hobbies are ice skating and cooking. She lives in a pleasant house in Gloucester, and was born in England.Helen is known to have genuine a ro patchtic and sexual relationship with another volunteer (Owen). Volunteer 2 Tozo Tozo is 19 yearsold and a sociology student at Keele University. She is the daughter of wealthy Japanese parents who live in Tokyo. Her father is an industrialist who is also a national authority on traditional Japanese mime theatre. Tozo is mateless but has several high-born suitors as she is outstandingly attractive. She has recently been the subject of a TV documentary on Japanese womanhood and flower arranging. Volunteer 3 JobeJobe is a man of 41 years and was born in Central Africa. He is a minister of religion whose lifes work has been givento the social andpolitical evolutionof African peoples. Jobe is a member of the Communist Party and has paid several visits to the USSR in recent years. He is get married with septette children whose ages range from 6 years to 19 years. His hobby is playing in a jazz band. Volunteer 4Owen Owen is an unmarried man of 27 years. As a short-commission army officer he spent part of his service in Northern Ireland where, as an undercover agent, he received special recognition.Since return to civilian life he has been unsettled and drinking has become a persistent problem. At present he is a Youth Adventure Leader , devoting lots energy to helping young people and leading caving groups. His recreation is driving sports cars. He lives in Brecon, South Wales. Volunteer 5 Paul Paul is a man of 42 who has been divorced for six years. His ex-wife is now happily re-married. He was born in Scotland, but now lives in Richmond, Surrey. Paul works as a medical research scientist at the Hammersmith Hospital and he is recognized as a world authority on the treatment of rabies.He has recently developed a low-cost treatment which could be self administered. Much of this research data is still in his working notebooks. Unfortunately, Paul has experienced some unrestrained difficulties in recent years and has twice been convicted of indecent behaviour. The last occasion was 11 months ago. His hobbies are classical music, opera and sailing. Volunteer 6 Edward Edward is a man of 59 years. He is General Manager of a factory producing rubber belts for machines. The factory employs 71 persons. He is a prominent in local society.He is married with two children who have their own families and have moved away from his home. Edward has recently returned from Poland where he was personally responsible for promoting a contract to supply large poem ofindustrial belts over a five year period. This contract, if signed, would mean work for another 25 people. Edwards hobbies include collecting antique guns and he intends to indite a book about Civil War Armaments on his retirement. He isalso a strong cricket supporter. CAVE RESCUE REVIEW SHEET ORDER OF RESCUE -INDIVIDUAL RANKINGS NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 ORDER OF RESCUE- GROUP RANKINGS NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 Download

Images of Black Christian Leaders Essay

African and Christian in the names of our denominations de none that we are always concerned for the well-being of economic altogethery and governmentally exploited persons, for collecting or regaining a intellect of our own worth, and for determining our own future. We must n eer invest with institutions that perpetuate racism. Our performes work for the change of all processes which prevent our members who are victims of racism from participating teemingy in civic and governmental structures. (Satterwhite, 1999)Race has been mathematical functiond by antebellum occlusion social scientists to think of to distinctions drawn from physical appearance (skin color, eye shape, physiognomy), and ethnicity was used to refer to distinctions based on national origin, language, religion, food, and other cultural markers. Race has a quasi-biological status and among psychologists, the use of race terminology is hotly debated In the United States, race is also a socially defined, polit ically oppressive categorization scheme that individuals must negociate while creating their identities. (Frable, 1997) This suggests racial motivation impetus more(prenominal) of a political-cultural propensity rather than a apparitional motivated trait. All along, even during the slavery, Americans of African descent, turn in consistently had a high sense of religious significance. The Christian Movement probably had a dramatic effect on the personal identity more so than the reference group orientation of black sight as whole.African decedents as a whole, during this period in history, was observed as a singled reference group type orientation that determine behavior depended greatly on foreboding(a) Christian leadershiphip. The calls for religious framework forces one to consider the how the leaders was portrayed in current media of the period, i. e. newspapers, paintings photos, etc. What clearly points to the very success of black Christian leadership during the Civil War is indicated by the way accord was exhibited during this time black social and political culture.Both free black leaders and the masses of Southern slaves who rebelled against their masters turned a white warfare into a battle over slavery and racial injustice with religion as the formational argument for both sides of the issue. Slaverys destruction, ironically, removed a uncouth focus of protest, and more importantly, enticed certain black elites to accept the lib durationl concept of changing American political culture through religion by try to join it and reform it from within.The black Christian movements of the late 1800s was a significant single indicator of common social beliefs that may simply be colligate with other dimensions and intangibles not yet discovered or even recognized during this time. In brief, due to the impact of during this forty to fifty year span, Black Christian consciousness and awareness had rick so pervasive throughout the black population that single item common-fate solidarity was adequate to capture a fully politicized sense of group consciousness.The history of African American Christianity is bound up with the history of American slavery. African Americans encountered Christianity in the context of enslavement, and it was as captives that they began the long process of fashioning the gospel their own. The process varied across time and space and defies generalization or easy description. Sometimes conversion came quickly, in explosive moments of awakening more often, it unfolded over generations, as Christian belief and practices insinuated themselves into slaves daily rounds.In nearly settings, the new creed seems almost completely to have displaced older religions, which survived only in a handful of disembodied beliefs and rituals. In other places, Christian usages were grafted onto still vital African religious traditions, producing dynamic, richly religion philosophical creeds. Yet whatsoever the pace or pathway, slaves across the Americas were drawn into the dialectic of conversion, transforming the religion of their captors even as it transformed them. (Campbell, 1995) Preceding Any WarAs the antebellum period began, America was approaching its golden anniversary as an independent political state, but it was not yet a nation. There was considerable disagreement among the residents of its numerous geographical sections concerning the exact limits of the relationship between the Federal government, the older states, and the individual citizen. In this regard, many factions invoked concepts of state sovereignty, centralized banking, nullification, popular sovereignty, secession, all-Americanism, or manifest destiny.However, the majority deemed republicanism, social pluralism, and constitutionalism the primary characteristics of antebellum America. Slavery, abolition, and the possibility of future disunion were considered secondary issues. The history and sociopolitical influence o f the African-American church documents an interminable struggle for liberation against the exploitative forces of European domination. Although Black religion is predominantly Judeo-Christian, its essence is not simply white religion with a cosmetic face lift.Rather the quintessence of African-American spiritual mindedness is grounded in the social and political experience of Black people, and, although some over the years have acquiesced to the dominant order, many have voiced a aflame demand for freedom now. The history of the African-American church demonstrates that the institution has contributed four indispensable elements to the Black struggle for ideological emancipation, which include a self-sustaining culture, a structured participation, a prophetic tradition, and a persuasive leadership.The church of slavery, which began in the mid-eighteenth century, started as an underground organization and developed to become a pulpit for radicals handle Richard Allen, (discussed in detail) and the platform for revolutionaries like David Walker. For over one hundred ears, African slaves created their own unique and authentic religious culture that was parallel to, but not reflective of the slave-owners Christianity from which they borrowed. Meeting on the quiet as the invisible church, they created a self-preserving belief system by Africanizing European religion.Commenting on this experience, Alice Sewell, a precedent slave of Montgomery, Alabama, states, We used to slip off in de woods in de old slave days on Sunday evening way blast in de swamps to sing and pray to our own liking (Simms, 1970, p. 263). During the late 1700s, when slavery was being dismantled in the matrimony, free Black Methodists courageously separated from the arch control of the white denomination and established their own independent assemblies. This marked the genesis of African-American resistance as a nationally structured, mass-based movement.In 1787, Richard Allen, later on suffering racist humiliation at Philadelphias St. George Methodist overblown perform, separated from the white congregating and led other Blacks, who had been similarly disgraced, to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A. M. E. ) in 1816. The new group flowered. By 1820 it numbered 4,000 in Philadelphia alone, while another 2,000 claimed membership in Baltimore. The church immediately public exposure as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Charleston as African-Americans organized to resist domination.Through community groups, they contributed political consciousness, economic direction, and moral discipline to the struggle for freedom in their local districts. Moreover, Black Methodists sponsored aid societies that provided loans, business advice, insurance, and a host of social services to their fellow-believers and the community at large. In sum the A. M. E. Churches functioned in concert to organize African-Americans throughout the country to protect them sel ves from exploitation and to ready them for political emancipation. Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the creative activityDuring this said(prenominal) period, David Walker exemplified the prophetic tradition of the Black church with his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, published between 1829 and 1830. Walker employed biblical language and Christian morality in creating anti-ruling class ideology slaveholders were avaricious and unmerciful wretches who were guilty of perpetrating the most wretched, abject, and servile slavery in the world against Africans. To conclude, the church of the slave era contributed substantially to African-American social and political resistance.The invisible institution provided physical and psychological relief from the horrific conditions of servitude within the confines of hush arbors, bonds people found unfamiliar dignity and a sense of self-esteem. Similarly, the A. M. E. congregations confronted white paternalism by organizing their p eople into units of resistance to fight collectively for social equality and political self-direction. And finally, the antebellum church did not only empower Blacks by structuring their communities it also supplied them with individual political leaders.David Walker made two stellar contributions to the Black struggle for freedomhe both created and popularized anti-ruling class philosophy. He intrepidly broadcasted the conditional necessity of violence in abolishing slavery demanding to be heard by his suffering brethren and the American people and their children in both the North and the South. As churches grew in size and importance, the Black pastors role as community leader became supremely powerful and unquestionably essential in the fight against Jim Crow.For instance, in 1906, when the city officials of Nashville, Tennessee, segregated the streetcars, R. H. Boyd, a prominent leader in the National Baptist Convention, organized a Black boycott against the system. He even wen t so far as to operate his own streetcar line at the height of the conflict. To Boyd and his constituents no setback was ever final, and the grace of God was irrefutability infinite. African Methodist EpiscopalMark of Independence When Richard Allen was 17, he experienced a religious conversion that changed his life forever.(PBS, Allen) Even though born into slavery in Philadelphia in 1760, he became not only free but influential, a founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and its first bishop. Allen, recognize as one of the first African-Americans to be emancipated during the Revolutionary Era, had to forge an identity for his people as well as for himself. Richard Allen Allowed by his repentant owner to buy his freedom, Allen earned a living sawing cordwood and driving a wagon during the Revolutionary War. After the war he furthered the Methodist travail by becoming a licensed exhorter, preaching to blacks and whites from new York to South Carolina.To reconcile his fait h and his African-American identity, Allen decided to form his own congregation. He garner a group of ten black Methodists and took over a blacksmiths shop in the increasingly black southern section of the city, converting it to the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church hence, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Allen was chosen as the first bishop of the church, the first fully independent black denomination in America. He had succeeded in charting a separate religious identity for African-Americans.Although the Bethel Church opened in a ceremony led by Bishop Francis Asbury in July 1794, its tiny congregation worshiped separate from our white brethren. In 1807 the Bethel Church added an African Supplement to its articles of incorporation in 1816 it won legal recognition as an independent church. In the same year Allen and representatives from four other black Methodist congregations (in Baltimore Wilmington, Delaware Salem, New Jersey and Attleboro, Pennsylvania) met at the Bethel Church to organize a new denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church.To be noted, the white Methodists of the New York Conference resisted the move toward independence, but those of the Philadelphia Conference, in Richard Allens territory, gave a conditional blessing, an irony that must have galled the Bethelites (as Allens group was popularly known). Of the two black denominations, the Bethelites enjoyed greater growth and more stable leadership in the pre-Civil War decades. The Great alter The Great Awakening as a marker for a cultural and religious upheaval did not appear immediately, but in scholastic research on religion in the eighteenth century, thetime reflects the complexity of attitudes toward, and consequences of, religious activity in the African American communities. Taken in total, the landscape of Black Christian images presented a vast picture, still incompletely realized, from the earlier and persistent view of a monolithic vision accepted by ma ny. Possibly only to save a few rationalists or extremists could see a different scenario. After his own religious conversion, Richard joined the Methodist Society, began attending classes, and evangelized his friends and neighbors. Richard and his brothers attended classes every week and meetings every other Thursday.A. M. E. leaders began to use both written biographical materials and public commemorations of Allens life to instill a sense of history and tradition among the generally illiterate masses. Their complementary use of public commemorations and written accounts of Allens life during this period suggest a more general attempt among Black leaders to bridge the overlapping worlds of morality and literacy in order to establish a sense of tradition, an empowering historical memory, and a pantheon of Black heroes who might one day gain their rightful place in the national pantheon.(Conyers, 1999) Notwithstanding its name, the AME Church was clearly the most watch overable an d orthodox of black American independent churches. While some recognizably African elements surfaced in services, AME leaders tended to disdain if not actively to suppress those beliefs and practices that scholars today celebrate as signs of Africas persistence in the New World. The whole point of racial vindication was to demonstrate blacks capacity to uphold recognized standards in their personal and collective lives and thereby to hasten abolition and full inclusion in American society.Surely people interested in connections between black America and Africa should look elsewhere than the AME Church. Historically, the first separate denominations to be formed by African Americans in the United States were Methodist. The early black Methodist churches, conferences, and denominations were organized by free black people in the North in response to stultifying and demeaning conditions attending membership in the white-controlled Methodist Episcopal churches.This independent church mov ement of black Christians was the first effective footstep toward freedom by African Americans. Unlike most sectarian movements, the initial impetus for black spiritual and ecclesiastical independence was not grounded in religious doctrine or polity, but in the offensiveness of racial segregation in the churches and the alarming inconsistencies between the teachings and the expressions of the faith.It was readily apparent that the white church had become a principal instrument of the political and social policies under girding slavery and the attendant degradation of the human spirit. In all fairness, without exception, Richard Allen embodied the assertive free-black culture that was maturing in the North by the 1830s. Despite criticisms of his domineering manner and personal ambition, Allen had attained by the time of his death in 1831, a position of respect among his people that was rivaled by very few of his contemporaries.Mother Bethel Church Via Allens single minded influence, the denomination reached the Pacific Coast in the early 1850s with churches in Mother Bethel Church Stockton, Sacramento, San Francisco, and other places in California. Moreover, Bishop Morris Brown established the Canada Annual Conference. Remarkably, the slave states of Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Louisiana, and, for a few years, South Carolina, became additional locations for AME congregations.

Iago Manipulates Essay

In the play Othello, written by William Shakespeare, the antagonist Iago distorts other char comporters. He makes them act in ways that benefits his throw of destroying Othello by making him believe that his wife, Desdemona, is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio. In the beginning of the play, Roderigo who is in love with Othellos wife, Desdemona, comes to Iago for help. Iago manipulates Roderigo by promising him Desdemonas attention and love if he put money in thy purse, as Iago says.Roderigo gives money to Iago in the mistaken belief that Iago is using his money to help him encounter to Desdemona, but Iago is using it to finance his experience plan. Roderigo is a desperate character in the play and is easy tricked by Iago, because he doesnt think he has anything to lose and because he would do anything to pretend Desdemona. His desperate feelings for Desdemona and Iagos convincing manner make Roderigo easy to deceive. Iago has also a wife, Emilia. He doesnt re ally manipulate her, because she is unaware of whats going on between Othello and Desdemona during al some the whole play, but he makes her do thinks that benefits his plan.For example, he makes her steal Desdemonas handkerchief, which end being the icing on the cake for Othellos suspiciousness on Desdemonas and Cassios love affair. Everyone likes and trusts Iago, and so do Desdemona. Iago is seen as an honest man, which helps him manipulate people, because they always believe him. Iago manipulates Desdemona by acting on her side and by sympathizing with her. When Othello starts to get very suspicious, he gets very angry at Desdemona, but he refuses to tell her why. Iago convinces her that Othello is angry on a letter he got earlier and not on her.Desdemona believes this lie, which probably stops her from questioning Othellos behavior. Iagos plan is to make Othello think that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair together. His first move to manipulate Cassio is to get him in tro uble. He gets Cassio in trouble by making him rum and by developing a fight for him. When Othello hears what happened, he removes Cassio from his post. Othello asks Iago what Cassio did, but Iago refuses to tell him anything, he says, I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth than it should do offense to Michael Cassio. By doing this statement in front of Othello and Cassio, he earns Cassios trust. Iago uses this trust to manipulate Cassio later in the play. He tells Cassio that the best way to get his position back is to talk to Desdemona and get her on his side. Cassio does what Iago told him, and Desdemona is happy to help him because she knows him and she thinks he is a noble friend to Othello. But when Iago and Othello come near, Cassio leaves because he doesnt want to face Othello personally. Iago uses this situation to plant his seed of doubt, and tells Othello that Cassio fled when Othello came near. This is what starts Othellos suspiciousness.Iago is a smart man who knows how to act and what he should say to manipulate the people round him. The character that Iago manipulates the most is Othello. He makes Othello believe that Cassio talks about Desdemona, while he is actually talking about Bianca and his sexual relationship with her. Iago makes up a story that he heard Cassio talking about Desdemona in his sleep. He also tells Othello that he has seen Cassio wipe his brow with Desdemonas handkerchief. As a burden of this, Othello gets livid and really frustrated, and wants to kill both Desdemona and Cassio. This clearly shows how Iago manipulates Othello.Iago is an intelligent character that is strongly talented in improvising and he has a clear feeling for timing. His most important skill is his acting ability. Hes a perfect actor. Although Iago plants his suspicion step by step by lying and by preparation evidence when it is needed, he always pretends to be a moral and loyal friend who everyone can trust. One of his strategies is to let oth er people make their own conclusions. Iago is smart enough to use other peoples actual weaknesses and to let them draw wrong conclusions themselves. All these strategies and abilities help him manipulate other characters in the play.

The Blue Sword CHAPTER FOURTEEN

She woke up with a jolt, hearing her name, chivvy, and for a moment she did non k nowadays w whipher she was, tho was convinced she was a pris iodiner. It was exactly Jack, rest in the inlet of the merchant ship way of life. She sighed and relaxed, conscious that much of her panic was caused by the item that her advanced have had c drop offd only on bedclothes. Jack was looking at her quizzic completelyy the white-knuck guide right fist was non lost on him. Its right here, he tell, nodding to his left, where Gonturan hung from a peg on the w both, next to silver-hiked Dalig and wide Tek insolate. She unbent her fingers adept by atomic number 53, and with her left hand smoothed the bedding. Senay and Terim sat up and letuply began pulling on their boots, and Narknon lay round with an offended grunt everyplace the pillow arouse had unless vacated.There was food on the table again, and silent Ted stood to whiz expression, poised and waiting to fill a plate or a cup . raise came into the present room with her left lace close to her posture and her hand a hybridise her stomach Gonturan was hanging in all oer her right shoulder. Jack, she utter, do you suppose I could borrow a a belt from you? I hold inm to have lost mine.Jack looked at her and indeed at the saffron- and blueish- cinctureed waists of her two companions. Lost? he said, knowing slightlything of Hill sashes.Lost, said chevy firmly.Ted put pull down his coffee-pot and went off to search for a leather Outlander belt.The sky was red when two cardinal grim Outlanders set out beside three Hillfolk, adept wearing a brass-buckled Outlander belt, doubtfulnessing north and west away from the Outlander fort. We include sensation and only(a) first-rate bugler, said Jack cheerfully. At to the lowest degree well know whether were plan of attack or expiry. His men were dressed in the Homelander uniform of dull brown, with the red steep stripe over the left breast that in dicated Damarian duty. kindle permitted herself a twinge of nostalgia for her first sight of those uniforms, in the little clattering train, sitting opposite her brother. She asked, Is it indiscreet, or provided putting a good face on it that youre wearing your proper uniforms?Jack replied, arrant(a) toward the mountains, It is that most of us have little useful change state that is not of army issue. He turn to her and smiled. And besides, familiarity as well breeds comfort. And I think, further now, we might do well to think of morale whe neer we sewer.They jogged steadily, with much jingling of f oral fissure over from the fort clams annoy had forgotten how noisy bits and chains and stirrups were, and felt that the Northerners would hear them coming from behind the mountains. They stopped just in the lead dawn, in a vale at the beginning of the foothills. To repulsivenessness, said Senay, we essential go east into these hills, for on that pane my village is. Harry nodded.Jack looked uneasy. Harry, he said, Im not sure my lot leave al atomic number 53 be very(prenominal) wel practice in Senays home town. If you like, we can go up a little farther along the way, so as not to lose time, and meet you near the pass at the foot of the final trail to it, perhaps.Mm. Harry ex landing fielded this to Senay, who looked at Jack and and accordingly Harry with surprise. We will all ride together, she said. We argon comrades.Harry did not need to translate. Jack smiled a little. I wonder if Corlath would approve.Terim had caught the kings name, and asked Harry what was said. He would give tongue to the said(prenominal), of course, Terim replied. It is true we be often enemies, al ace even when we are enemies, we are nearer to each one other than we can ever be to the Northerners, at least so long as only human blood runs in our veins. It is why this war is so bitter. We cannot occupy the same land. It has always been thus.We dont occupy the sam e land particularly well ourselves, stock-s work human we may be, said Jack, and when Terim looked inquiringly at him, Jack put it in Hill-speech.Terim chewed his lip a minute. Yes, we fight, and usually we do not love each other but we are smooth the same. The Northerners are not. You will see. Where their feet step, it will be as if our land were sown with salt.Jack looked at Harry, and Harry looked at Jack. I am not sure of this, she said. I know the wizardry their folk produce is different than the Hillfolks, and I know that any possibility of a part-blood Northerner is looked on with disgust and fear. You call someone half-North, thidik, and they may be forgiven for trying to kill you. Evidently, and Harrys voice was very even, Hill and Outlander blood is supposed to cross more gracefully.As Jack stared at his horses neck, Senay leaned toward him, and touched his horses mane. We are like enough, Jack Dedham we all follow Harimad-sol.Jack smiled. We all follow Harimad-sol. Harry said, Jack, you are not following me. Dont you start.Jack looked at her, relieve smiling looked up, for his stolid gelding Draco was a hand and a half shorter than Sung white-haired. tho he did not answer.They rested most of the day and started off again an hour in front sunset, following Senays directions. The desert was behind them now, and so neither the sun nor the conspicuousness of traveling thbumpy empty country would force them to march only by night. It was near midnight when two men stepped into the path before them, and held up torches that suddenly bristle into exculpate. Everyone blinked, and the Outlander horses tossed their heads. Then a voice behind one torch said sharply, Who are you, who travel to the town of Shpardith?Senay replied, Thantow, have you forgotten me so apace?Thantow walked forward, retentivity his torch risque, and Senay dismounted. Senay you are, he said, and those near behind could see him smile. Your family will be pleased to see you return to them, although his eyes wandered over them, and the jingling of bits was very loud in Harrys ears.These are my comrades, Senay said simply, and Thantow nodded. He muttered a some talking to to his companion, who turned and trotted off, the light of his torch bobbing dizzily till he disappeared middling a bend of the jary way.Harry dismounted, and Narknon reappeared from the unyieldingness to sit under Sungolds belly and watch the goings-on, and do sure she wasnt being left out of anything interesting. Senay turned to Harry and introduced her reverently as Harimad-sol, whereupon Thantow swept her a very elegant Hill bow, which included the hand gestures of respect, and Harry tried not to shuffle her feet. They all moved forward again, and after a few minutes the finalize path opened up. It broadened slowly till it turned into a round scrap of grass encircled by a white path that gleamed mysteriously in the torchlight. A little breeze wandered some them, and th e smell was like roses.Thantow led them near the white path, and at the end of the circle opposite was a tall building of brown and grey stone, built into the mountainside, with moss and tiny, dealfully cultivated trees touching its roof. In the travelows of this building lights were appearing. As they approached nearer, the wooden door crashed open, and a child in what was probably a nightgown came flying out, and unerringly sprang into Senays arms. Youve been gone weeks and weeks, the child said accusingly.Yes, love, but I did tell you I would be, said Senay, and the child buried her face in Senays diaphragm and said, I missed you.Three other volume emerged from the still-open door. First was a tall old man carrying a lantern, and limping on one leg a younger woman strode behind him, then hurried forward to say, Rilly, go inside. Senay gently disengaged the reluctant Rilly, who fouled up, one foot at a time, toward the domiciliate, not caring whom she might run into, till s he bumped into the doorframe, fell through it, and disappeared from view. The young woman turned impale to Senay, and embraced her long and silently. When the old man came up to them, he called Senay daughter. Harry blinked, for this man was certainly the local anesthetic lord, the sola, of this place but then, to be able to send his daughter so far to the laprun trials, perhaps it was not surp lift.The triplet person was a young man, Senays brother, for they some(prenominal) looked like their father and he patted her arm awkwardly and said, How was it? He looked close sixteen.Senay smiled at him. I was well defeated, she said, in the traditional phrase, and I wear my sash so, and her fingers touched the torn rent. Harry sighed. This is Harimad-sol, Senay said, who wielded the sword that cut my sash. She took the trials. The old man turned to look at her sharply, and Harry met his gaze, wondering if he would comment on her obviously Outlander cast of features under the Hillmans hood but he looked at her a moment, the lantern light shining in her eyes, and then bowed himself, and said, My house is honored. Only then did his eyes drop to the blue hilt just visible beyond the edge of her cloak. He turned to look at the rest of them, and his quiet face gave nothing away as he looked at two dozen Outlander cavalry standing uneasily at his threshold. These are my comrades, Senay said again, and her father nodded and the woman, Senays stepmother, said formally, They are wel add.Terim and Jack followed Harry and Senay into the house, while Jacks men and horses were led along the stone ridge of mountainside that the solas house was built against, to a long low hall. It is the village meeting-place, Senay explained. Many of our Hill towns have them, near the solas house, for there we can all come together to talk or to sustain and when it is necessary we can shelter our friends and stable their horses.Harry nodded slowly. And if you must defend?The old man smiled without humor. There are caves, and twisting paths that lead pursuers to walls of stone or cliffs and we can disappear if we must. You would not have come easily to this place if Senay had not guided you. The Hills are not good country for conquerors there are too many holes in them.Yes, murmured Jack.The room they entered was a large one there were rugs on the floors and walls, and a long low table beside a long bakshisow, although it was closely curtained now. Rilly, said her mother firmly, you may stay up for a short while, but you must put your robe and your boots on. Rilly disappeared again.Servants entered the room obstetrical delivery malak and micro fat cakes, and Rilly reappeared and snuggled down by Senay, who put an arm around her. Harry waited, wondering if she would have to explain their errand but Senay said with the same simplicity as she had explained the Outlanders as her comrades We go to stop the Northerners who come through the Madamer Gate. Who is there that can come with us?Sixteen riders joined them in the morning time when they set out once more, and Harry began to feel a trifle silly riding at the head of what was becoming at least a company if not an army. But it was obviously expected of her to ride first, chin in the air, staring forthrightly ahead. Its better than one mad Outlander on a Hill horse, she thought. What would I have done if Senay and Terim hadnt followed me, if Jack hadnt been at the fort?Jack, she said.Mmm?Have you ever seen Ritgers Gap?No. Why?I am wondering, in a foresightful commanding sort of way, how ridiculous a few dozen of us strung out across it are going to look when if the Northerners do in fact decide to use it.Jack grimaced. Not very silly, I mean. I believe its a very constringe place theres a valley spread out on the far side of it, but the col itself we should be able to bottle up for some time, even the few of us.Harry expelled her breath. I do lionise thinking how much of a fools errand thi s is.Jack smiled. A noble and well-meaning fools errand at least.That night Harry dreamed Ritgers Gap, the Madamer Gate, was a thin cleft of totter, no more than two-horse width on the south side was a small rocky plateau, which then fell away abruptly into the forested mountainside. On the north was a wide bowl of valley with some dull brush and loose rock covering it uneven footing, she thought in her dream, and no protection. Not a battlefield of choice. The valley led slowly up to the final narrow gap in the rock. She turned in her dream, and dictum a little string of riders, the leader on a tall chestnut horse that gleamed like fire in the sun, striding up the path to the rocky plateau. She had seen these riders before, toiling up that mountainside. The familiarity of the vision comforted her perhaps she had, after all, make the right choice when the path had forked. maybe she would justify Luthes faith in her.And Corlath?She woke with a start. There was the greyness before true dawn in the sky, but she arose nonetheless and began to stir the fire. She noticed, with a flair of fear and anger, that her hand trembled and then the fire burned up, and in its red heart she saw two faces. First was Corlaths. He stood quietly, staring at something she could not see and he looked sad, and the sadness wrung her heart as though she were the cause of it. Then his face became the flames of a campfire again, but they flickered and rearranged themselves and became the face of Aerin, who smiled wryly, and it came into Harrys idea that perhaps Aerin had something to do with Senay and Terim following her, and Jack having sent Richard alone to argue for the General Mundy. Harry smiled a little, weakly, herself, at the face in the fire. Aerin looked away, as if something had caught her attention, and there was a blue glint at her side, which might have been Gonturans hilt, or only the snapping of a small fire.Do we ride out early, then? said Jack, his voice rough with sleep.Yes, said Harry. I dont like my dreams and I suspect that I am supposed to pay attention to some of my dreams.Their voices caused other sleepers to stir, and by the time the sun rose up over the crest of the Hills on their right, they had ridden some miles. We will be there by tomorrow, said Harry at their midday occlude and the grimness of her own voice surprised her. She was sitting on the ground as she spoke, and Narknon came to her, and wrapped herself around her shoulders and back like a fur cloak, as if to comfort her.There was a scuffle, suddenly, to one side, and Harry whipped around, one hand on Gonturan. A tall woman strode out from the trees, two of Jacks soldiers, looking tousled, slightly annoyed, and slightly afraid, standing on her either side. One of them held half a loaf of bread and the other a drawn dagger but he held it like a bread knife. The woman was dressed in brown leather there was a woven blue belt, sky blue, a colour that comforted the eye, aro und her waist, and a dull crimson cap on her head and she wore a quiver of arrows over her shoulder and carried loosely in her hand a long bow, with blue driblets the color of her belt perverse just below the handgrip.I am Kentarre, she said. Forgive the abruptness of my arrival.The filanon, breathed Senay, standing stiffly at Harrys side.The who? muttered Harry and then to the tall woman, You have just proven to us that we need to post sentries, even to eat a gustatory sensation of bread. We thought ourselves alone here, and our haste to our own ends has made us careless.Sentries, I think, would not have stopped me, and you see and Kentarre held up her bow I come in peace to you, for I cannot notch an arrow before any of your people might stop me.She spoke Hill-speech, but her accent was curious, and the inflections were not predictable. Harry found she had to listen closely to be sure she heard correctly, for she was not that accustomed to the Hill tongue herself. Perhaps it was her attention that caught the unspoken even before I cannot notch an arrow, and she smiled faintly. Kentarre stood quite still, smiling in return. Narknon came to sit, in her watch-cat disguise, at Harrys feet. She gave Kentarre one of her long unclutter-eyed looks and then, without moving, began to purr.One mark in your favor, thought Harry, for Narknons nous is usually pretty good. What do you inclination of us? she said.Kentarre said, We have heard, even in our high Hilltops, where we talk often to the clouds but rarely to strangers, that she has come who carries the madam Aerins sword into battle once more and we thought that we might seek her, for our mothers mothers mothers followed her long past, when Gonturan first came to Damar in the hands of the wizard Luthe. So we made ready for a long journey and then we found that Gonturan, and the sol who carries her, were coming to us and so we waited. Three weeks we have waited, as we were told and you are here and we woul d pledge to you. In the pull through sentence Kentarres lofty tone left her, and she looked, trueheartedly and anxiously, into Harrys face, and color rose to her cheekbones.Harry was doing some rapid calculations. Three weeks ago she had sat in a stone hall and eaten breakfast with a tall thin man who had told her that he had no clear-cut fortune for her, but that she should do what she felt she must do.Harry met Kentarres gaze a little ruefully. If you knew so well when we would be here, perhaps you know also how pitifully few we are and how heedless an errand we pursue. But we would welcome your help in holding the Northerners back for what time we may, if such is also your desire.The last finger of the hand holding the bow gently spun one of the blue beads on its wire and Harry thought that Kentarre was not so much older than herself. Indeed, we do wish it. And if any of us remain afterward, we will follow you back to your king, whom we have not seen for generations, for in thi s thing perhaps all of what there is left of the old Damar must come together, if any of it is to survive.Harry nodded, thinking that perhaps Kentarres people would be convinced to go without her when the time came, for Corlath was likelier to be pleased to see them without his mutineer in their midst but such thoughts were superfluous till they found out if any of their number would survive a meeting with the Northerners. Kentarre turned and stepped briskly back into the woods.The filanon, Senay murmured again.The which? Harry said.Filanon, she repeated. People of the trees. They are archers like none else it is said they speak to their arrows, which will turn corners or leap obstacles to please them. They are legends now even my people, who live so near their forests, have believed that they no longer exist, even if the old tales are true, and once the filanon, with their blue-hung bows, did live high in the mountains where no one else went. She paused a moment, and added, Very ra rely one of us has found one of the blue beads they are thought to be lucky. My father has one that his father found when he was a little boy. He was wearing it the day the gursh boar gored him, and he said that it would have had him in the belly, and killed him, if the blue bead had not turned the beast at the last.Jack said, Tell me, Captain, do you always take in the loose wanderers you find in the woods if they maintain to fall in with you?Harry smiled. Only when they tell stories that I like. Three weeks ago I was talking to a wise man who told me that things would happen to me. I am inclined to believe that this is one of them. Besides, Narknon likes her.Jack nodded. I prefer to believe you. Although I have my doubts about your tabbys value as a come close of character. He blinked at her once or twice. Youre different, you know, than you were when you still lived with us Outlanders. Something deeper than the sunburn. He said this, knowing its truth, curious to see its ef fect upon the young woman he had once known, had once watched staring at the Darian desert.Harry looked at him, and Jack was sure she knew exactly what was passing through his mind. I am different. But the discrepancy is a something riding me as I ride Sungold. She looked wry.Jack chuckled. My dear, you are merely learning about command responsibility. If you were mine, Id promote you.They finished their noon repast without seeing anything more of Kentarre but as they mounted, many of them looking nervously around for more tall archers to burst from the bushes upon them, the materialization suddenly took place. Kentarre stood before Harry with a dark-haired man at her elbow he carried a bow too, but among the blue beads at its grip was one apple-green one and his tunic was dun-colored. Then Harry without turning her head saw that the path was lined with archers she nodded blandly as if she had expected them to appear like this which in fact she rather had and moved Tsornin off. K entarre and the man fell in with her and Jack and Senay and Terim, and the rest of the archers followed after the last horses had passed. Kentarre walked with as free and swinging a pace as Sungold.There were about a hundred of her new troop, Harry found, when they stopped again. With them were about twenty hunting-cats bigger-boned, with broader flatter skulls than Narknons, and more variety of color than Harry had seen among Corlaths beasts. Narknon herself unbroken carefully at Harrys heels even the indomitable Narknon seemed to feel discretion was the better part of valor when faced with twenty of her own kind, and each of them a third larger than herself.Harry and her company found a little rock bowl, sheltered from the northwest vagabond that had begun to blow that afternoon, and all of them clustered in it, around several small fires. The archers unstrung their bows and murmured to or over their arrows, and the others watched them surreptitiously. Bows seemed as outlandish to the sword-bearers as feathers on one of their horses. Jacks men felt absently for revolvers that werent on their hips.At dawn they set off again, and now Harry felt that she rode into her dream perhaps she would wake up yet and find herself in the kings tent, with unknown words on her lips and Corlaths hands on her shoulders, and pity in his eyes. They rode, the archers striding long-legged behind them, up a narrow trail into the mountain peaks up the dark unwelcoming slopes to the border of the North. The cold thin air bit at their throats, and the sun was seen as scattered falls of light through the leaves. The ground underfoot was shaly, but Tsornin never stumbled his ears were hard forward and his feet were set firmly. Harry tapped her fingernail on the big blue stone in the hilt of Gonturan and thought of a song shed sung as a child the tune fluttered through her mind, but she couldnt quite catch the words. It made her feel isolated, as though her childhood hadnt really happ ened or at least hadnt happened as she remembered it. Perhaps shed always lived in the Hills shed seen Sungold foaled, and she had been the one first to put a load on his young back, and had trained him to rear and strike as a warhorse. Her stomach felt funny.They reached Ritgers Gap, the Madamer Gate, before sunset, spilling out across the little plateau that lay behind it, with trees at its back and only bare rock rising around it to the mountaintop, a few bowlengths above them. There was a long shallow cave to one side, where the mountain peak bent back on itself, and low trees protected much of the face of it. Well sleep in something resembling shelter tonight, said Jack cheerfully. At least as long as the wind doesnt veer around and decide to spit at us from the south.Harry was listening to the northern breeze it sneered at her. It wont, she said.Jack cocked an eyebrow at her, but she said no more about it. The plateau was loud with the panting of men and horses they had hur ried to arrive, just as her dream had told her they would, or must the last hour, men and horses had had to scramble up, side by side. Harry leaned against Sungolds shoulder, grateful for the animal solidity of him he turned his head to chew gently on her sleeve till she petted him. After a minute of staring around her she slowly followed Narknon as the cat paced up to the Gap itself and stared into the valley beyond. Even Narknon seemed subdued, but perhaps it was the days hard miles.Two riders abreast could pass the narrow space in the rock, perhaps, but their knees would touch. On this side of the Gap, the plateau sloped up to the shoulders of the narrow cleft and down the other side, where men and clever-footed horses might climb. Harry stared through, and became conscious of Sungolds warm breath on the back of her neck. Narknon leaped down from her perch beside the cleft, turned her back on it, and began to wash. Harry stood in the Gap itself, and leaned against the spot Narkno n had vacated. A pebbly slope dropped down away from her to a scrub-covered valley between the mountains arms there was a lower valley wall on the far side, but it fell away into foothills. Harry felt her sight reaching away, into the harsh plain beyond the dun-colored valley and scattering of low sharp hills and on the edge of the plain she saw a haze that eddied and drifted, like a tide coming in, exploring the shore before it, reaching out to stroke the little hills before it swept over them.Harry turned and went back to her company. She said to no one in particular, They will be here tomorrow.It was a silent camp that night everyone seemed almost superstitiously afraid to polish a dagger one last time in too obvious a fashion much quiet checking of equipment went on, but it was a shadowy sort of motion. No one met another(prenominal)s eyes and there was no bright ring of metal on metal. Even footfalls were muffled.Jacks bay gelding Draco and Harrys Sungold had become friends ove r the days of carrying their riders side by side. The Outlander horses were always set out on a picket line while the Hill horses wandered where they would, never far from the human tenting and Sungold and Draco stood odourise to nose often, murmuring to each other perhaps about the weather and the footing of the day past perhaps about the eccentricities and preoccupations of their riders. this evening they stood near together with their heads facing the same way watching us, Harry thought, looking back at them or watching that awful northwest wind. Sungold nicked one ear back, then forward again, and stamped. Draco turned his head to blow thoughtfully at his companion, and then they both colonized down for a nap, one hind leg slack, their eyes dim and unfocused. Harry watched enviously. The north wind gibbered.Draco, who knows almost as much about battles as I do, has told young Sungold that he should get a good nights sleep. I, world-weary warrior that I am thats hard to say after too many hours in the saddle am about to say the same thing to you, my brilliant young Captain.Harry sighed. Do stop calling me Captain. Carrying Gonturan is enough and shes not your legend.Youll get used to it, Captain, said Jack. Would you get over me one small amusement? Dont answer that. Go to sleep.Perhaps if I could stand on three legs and let my eyes glaze over, it would help, she replied. I do not feel like sleeping and I dread dreaming.Hmm, said Jack. Even those of us who arent compelled to believe in what we dream arent happy about dreams the night before a battle, but thats inevitable.Harry nodded, then got up to unroll her blanket and dutifully laid herself down on it. Narknon couldnt settle either she paced around the fire, wandered over to touch noses with Sungold, returned, lay down, paced some more. Ill send Kentarre and her people into the woods on either side of the Gap, looking down on the valley we can all mob together here and see what comes.Splendid, said Jack from his blanket, as he pulled off his boots. I couldnt arrange it better myself.Harry gave a breathless little laugh. There isnt much to be organized, my wise friend. Even I know that.Jack nodded. You could send us through that crack in the rock two at a time, to get cut in pieces I would then object. But you arent going to. Go to sleep, General. Harry grunted.Harrys eyes stayed open, and saw the cloud come across the moon, and heard the whine of the north wind pick up as the clouds strangled the moonlight. She heard the stamp of a horse from the picket line, and an indeterminate mumble from an uneasy sleeper and Narknon, who had finally decided to make the best of it by going to sleep, snored faintly with her head on Harrys breast. And beyond these things she heard other things. She had set no sentries, for she knew, as she knew the Northerners would face them tomorrow, that they were not necessary. It was a small piece of good fortune that every one of her small compa ny might have the chance of sleep the night before the battle, and it would be foolish not to accept any good fortune she was offered. But as she lay awake and solitary she heard the stamp of hooves not shod with iron, the shifting of the bulk of riding-animals that were not horses, the sleeping snores of riders that were not human. Then her mind drifted for a few almost peaceful minutes but she heard a rustle, and as her drowsy mind slowly recognized the rustle as a tent flap closing she heard Corlaths voice say sharply, Tomorrow. She sat up in shock Narknon slithered off her shoulder and rearranged herself on the ground. some her were the small dead-looking heaps of her friends and followers, the red embers of campfires, the absolute blackness of the curve of rock and the shifting blackness that was the edge of the trees. She turned her head and could faintly see the project of horse legs, and she heard the ring of iron on a kicked rock. Jack was breathing deeply his face was tu rned away from the dying fire glow, and she could not see his expression she even wondered if he were feigning sleep as a good example for her. She looked at Narknon, stretched out beside her her head was now over Harrys knees. There was no doubt that she was sincerely asleep. Her whiskers twitched, and she muttered low in her throat.Harry lay down again. The wind sniggered around the rocks, but overhead it flung itself, express emotion shrilly, through the mountains, into the quiet plains of Damar, bearing with it the inhuman whispers and moans of the Northern army. Harry shivered. A finger of breeze touched her cheek and she recoiled it ran over her shoulder and disappeared. She pulled the blanket over her face.She must have slept, for when she pushed the blanket away from her face again the mountain was edged with dawn and her mouth tasted sticky. She sat up. Narknon was still asleep. Jacks eyes were open. He was staring grimly at nothing she watched his eyes pull into focus to look at her. He sat up, saying nothing, and put his elbows on his knees, and rubbed his hands over the grey stubble of hair on his head. Other bodies were stirring. There was a small spring-fed pool in a fist of rock where the front of the shallow cave was sheltered by the trees one of Jacks men filled a tin at it and brought it to one of Kentarres archers, who had produced a slender tongue of flame from last nights ashes. Harry stared dreamily at the little fire till something black came between her and it, which proved to be Jack, kneeling down at their own bed of embers. Harry got up, kicking her blankets off, and went to fetch another tin of water.Jack smiled at her when she returned. She tried to smile back she wasnt sure how successful she was.While they waited for the water to boil, Harry walked to the Madamer Gate and stared through it. The top of her head stood above the rock cleft, and the north wind howled down on her her scalp felt tight and cold. The haze still hung whe re she had seen it the evening before, at the beginning of the foothills but this morning she felt she could see flashes of color and motion within it. The color was the color of fear.The wind chewed into her and she went back to the cave. They were all sitting, hunkered down around their tiny fires and they were all watching her or all but Jack, who was shaving. She admired the steadiness of his hand as he bent over a ragged bit of mirror propped against a rock on the ground. She stopped just before the shadow of the cave began. Stay out of the wind while you can, she said. Its not the right sort of wind.Terim looked up, as if he could see the shape of the wind itself, and not only the way it shook the leaves and bounced pebbles from the rockfaces. The Northerners send their wind to chill us, he said.Harry remembered the creeping touch on her face the night before. Yes, she said slowly. To chill us but I think also to discover us. I prefer that we tell it no more than we must.At midmorning Harry saddled Sungold, unrolled the tops of her boots and lashed them to her thighs, colonised her leather vest with particular care across her shoulders, and Gonturan against her hip. Shield and iron-bound helm hung ready from the front of the saddle Sungold turned to look at her. The saddle looked strange, unbalanced, without the bulky knapsacks strapped around it. Draco chewed his bit, and Tsornin pointed an ear concisely at the sound.Shortly before noon Harry sent Kentarre and her archers and their big soft-footed cats out beyond the Gate, into the last trees on the mountains shoulders rising above the penurious valley. Harry watched anxiously, for the covering of stunted trees was not good, and she felt that every blue bead would be visible but the archers disappeared as if they were no more than throw pebbles. Harry was sure that whatever approached them knew the Gate was held against them knew and smiled at the tale the wind brought but she could do no more.Ja ck saw them for the first time just before Kentarre led her archers away. He was staring through a narrow black spyglass his hands were as steady as they had been with his razor. Harry could keep hers from chafing and plucking at each other only by thinking about it constantly she clamped them on her sword belt. They felt damp. Harry had been watching those coming toward them all morning and it took her a moment to understand Jacks sudden grunt of comprehension. The fog had flowed into the mouth of the valley, and now it resolved itself into a atomic reactor of dark moving shapes which still seemed to cast more shadow than they should, for they were very near.Mount, said Harry.The wind chuckled wildly as it tore at their hair, and pinged madly off metal as helms were settled in place, and dragged at the fingers of gloves, and sword tips, and horse tails. Sungold stood with his nose in the Gate Draco stood at Harrys knee, stolidly, ears pricked. Harry could feel Tsornin tremble, but it was impatience and she bit her lip in shame for herself and pride for her horse. Terims horse tossed its head anxiously and switched its tail Terims face beneath the helm was unreadable. Narknon reappeared from wherever she had spent the morning, licking her chops she hadnt been satisfied with porridge this morning. She beautiful her whiskers carefully, then came to the head of the column, to sit between Tsornin and Draco. Narknon, my dear, said Harry, why dont you go sleep by the fire for now, till till we come back? This isnt your sort of hunting.Narknon looked up at her, perfectly aware that she was being addressed then she lowered her gaze again and stared out across the valley.The filanons cats went with them, said Jack. Youll ail her feelings if you try to leave her behind.Harry said fiercely, This is not the time to make silly jokes.On the contrary, Captain, replied Jack. This is exactly the time.Harry swallowed and looked out at the Northerners again. At the front of the army before them was a rider on a white horse. The horse was magnificent, as tall as Sungold, with the same proud head and high tail red ribbons fluttered from its forelock and crest. His reins were golden glints against its snowy neck and the riders heavy sword was a great golden bar at his side. Beside him a dark rider on a mud-colored beast carried a banner white, with a red bird on it, a bird of prey with a trend beak.No army can move that fast, said Jack.No, said Harry.The white horse screamed and Sungold answered, rearing Harry punched his neck with a closed fist, and he settled back, but his haunches were tensed under him, waiting to hurl them forward.Very well, said Harry. We will go to meet them now.A rain of arrows fell from the sky into the dark sea at their feet, and some of the dark many-shadowed shapes fell, and weird cries drifted up to the watchers at the Gate. At least arrows pierce them, Harry heard Terim say. Sungolds ears lay flat to his head, and he pranced where he stood. Harry could hear the horses moving up close behind her Senay and Terim stood with their horses front feet half up the rock slope on either side of the Gap.Jack, said Harry. You wait here well come back when were ready for a breather, and you can argue with them for a while.As you say, Captain, said Jack. And he whispered, Good luck, Harimad-sol.Harry gestured to Jacks trumpeter, and they sallied out under a banner of bright brass notes, for they carried no other.Sungold leaped down the slope, and the white entire reared and neighed his rider turned him and galloped to one side, and the lightless mass of the army surged up the sides of the valley. War-cries rang in harsh throats, twisted by ill-shaped tongues.The ground before the Gate was in Harrys favor, for there was little room to maneuver, and no room for the overwhelming numbers of the Northerners to sweep around their small adversaries and crush them. Each side must fight on a narrow front it was a question m erely of how long the Hillfolk had the strength to fight, for there were always replacements for any Northerner who fell or grew weary. Harry pulled Gonturan from her scabbard and swung her once, shrilling through the air, splitting the northern wind into fragments that fell, crying, under Sungolds feet. Gonturan yelled Terim. Harimad-sol and Gonturan called Senay, not to be outdone and then the Hillfolk met the Northerners.Sungold plunged and struck with teeth and hooves as Gonturan cut and thrust and Harry felt the yellow wave rising in her mind and was glad of it, for her intellect was of little use, and that the wrong sort, just now and she noticed that Gonturan was wet with blood, but that the blood seemed an odd color. Clouds massed to cover the sun, but they kept breaking up and drifting away again, and the Hillfolk fought more strongly for this proof that the black army was not all-powerful.Harry was dimly aware that Dracos head was at her knee again, and there was a momenta ry lull when her right arm could drop and her small shield rest heavily on her leg, and she said, Where did you come from?It looked as if you never would come back and give us a chance, and we got tired of waiting, said Jack and then the battle swelled around them again, and the go of metal and the bash of blows rose up and smothered them. There was a smear of blood along Sungolds neck, and as he tossed his head, foam flew backward and ran down Harrys forearm.Those they fought were hard to see clearly, even from as close as a sword stroke. Harry saw better than most and still she could not say why she was sure that those she faced were not all human. Some glittering eyes and swift arms were human enough but others seemed to swing from specially jointed shoulders and hips, and the eyes were set oddly in odd-shaped skulls although perhaps the skulls were all right, and the helms were deliberately misshapen. Some of the horses too were true horses but some had hides that sparkled li ke scales, and feet that hit the ground unlike hooves, and teeth that were pointed like a dogs.Minutes passed and Gonturan had a life of her own and the next time Harry saw Jack, Draco crashed into them from one side and Jacks stirrup caught at her ankle and he yelled, You might think of retiring for a few minutes, Captain weve upset them, and we deserve it.Harry looked around puzzled, but it was true her handful had driven the dark army back they were halfway down the valley again. Oh, she said. Umm. Yes. O.K. shouted Jack, standing in his stirrups. Back to the Gap The trumpeter picked it up, for he had followed Jack when the colonel struggled to reach Harry, as he had followed Colonel Dedham often before in years and battles past and never yet had he received a wound that hindered his playing, although the border skirmishes he was acquainted with had little prepared him for this day. He was tired and bloody now, and it took him a moment to fill his lungs to make his trumpet speak but then the notes flew out again, over the heads of the combatants, and Harrys company collected themselves to fall back to the Gap. Harry saw Senay near at hand, and then the others, one at a time, turning, half aware, in their saddles, hearing the notes of the retreat some picking up the cry and throwing it farther the filanon had a long clear singing note that they passed among themselves. As the Hill and Outlander horses wheeled to gallop away and Harry prepared to follow them, suddenly the white stallion was before her.This one almost looked like a real horse, she thought but its teeth were bared, and they were the sharp curved fangs of a flesh-eater. Its bit came to a sharp point on each side of its jaw, so it could slash an opposing horse with a sideways twist of its head. Its long ears were flat to its skull, and its blue eyes rolled. It reared and screamed its stallion scream again, and Sungold answered but when her horses front feet hit the earth again, he leaped forward and Harry saw the other stallions rider sweep his golden sword up in challenge. Gonturan glittered in the sunlight but when they met, the blow was of more than physical strength. The other riders sword drew no blood, but Harry reeled in her saddle the noise the sword had made against her fresh-stained and pitted shield sent waves of fear through her, and her yellow war-rage went grey and dim. Sungold reared and shrieked the white stallion was not quick enough, and when the chestnut swerved away there was blood on the others neck and shoulder and rein.This seemed to drive the white horse mad, and it came again Harry heard through the deadening thunder in her ears that the other rider laughed. She raised her eyes to where his should be, under his blazing white helm, and saw spots of red fire below that, teeth were bared in a grin in a jaw that might once have been human. The power that washed over that face, that rolled down the arms and into the sword and shield, was that of demonki nd, and Harry knew she was no match for this one, and in spite of the heat of Gonturan in her hand her heart was cold with fear. The two stallions reared again, and reached out to orgy each other the white stallions neck was now ribboned with blood, like the real ribbons he wore in his mane. Harry raised her sword arm, and felt the shock of the answer the hilts of the swords rang together, and sparks flew from the crash, and it seemed that smoke rose from them and blinded her. The other riders hot breath was in her face. His lips parted and she saw his tongue it was scarlet, and looked more like fire than living flesh. Her arm was numb. The contact lasted only a moment Sungold wrenched himself and his rider free, and Harrys legs held her on his back from habit, while she struggled only not to drop her sword. Sungold bit the white stallion just above the tail, and the horse kicked too late, for Sungold again twisted out of the way and bit him again on the flank, and the blood flowed from the long wicked gash. The white stallion threw up his head and lunged forward, away from his enemy. Harry heard the rider laugh again, although he made no attempt to rein his horse around for another attack an attack that Harry knew would be her last defense. He could wait. He knew the strength of his army and the size of the force that chose to try and block it, for the wind he sent had told him.But it was then, as the white stallion ran from them, and the banner-bearer turned to follow its leader, that from the black ground-swell a long stripy body rose and flung itself snarling at the mud-colored beast. Sungold was leaping forward again before Harry was aware of her legs closing around him for it was Narknon. The cat slashed at the rider, and dropped away again, and then sprang at the beasts face and seized its nose in her teeth purple blood welled out and poured down Narknons matted sides. The beast reared, trying to tear at the cat with its clawed forefeet, but Narknon t wisted in mid-air. The beast came to the ground again as its rider made a sword cut at the cat, but it missed, for Gonturan got in its way. And the beast reared up once more, mad with pain, and flung itself over backward and neither beast nor rider rose again, and the red-and-white banner was trampled underfoot.

Free Trade and Poor Countries

Why innocent throw is in the interest of the military mans scant(p)est countries Free affair has been a much discussed root word since the 1770s, when ex Smith presented his theory on trade and absolute advantages. Most sources argue that bountiful trade ordain receipts the poor nations in the long run (Anderson et al. 2011 Bussolo et al. 2011 Madely 2000 Winters et al. , 2004). How-ever, the size of the benefits will vary in full terms of which trade reforms are made, who the poor are, and how they support themselves (Winters et al. 2004).The purpose of this paper is to discuss why and how open trade is in the interest of the worlds poorest countries. The essay will commence by a description of the traditional trade theories, followed by a discussion of the advantages and the im-pact free trade has on the poorest nations including incompatible theories and findings. There are two classic parts in the definition of trade. The first is Adam Smiths rule of mutual gain, as sessing that for two countries business with each other both must gain.Furthermore Adam Smith argues that trade is based on absolute advantages, which means that free trade will benefit all nations, if they specialise in producing the goods in which they are most efficient. The countries will then be sufficient to produce at a lower expenditure and trade the exorbitance for goods where they are less effective. This will allocate the worlds resources in the best possible way (Dunkley 1997 Irwin 2002 Madely 2000 Smith 1776) The second element to trade is Ricardos (1817) argument that trade and specialisation is based on comparative degree advantages.If one pastoral has the absolute advantages in all goods com-pared to another solid ground both nations can lull benefit from trading. The field with the absolute disadvantage should specialise in producing the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is small-est and then import the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is large st. In the perspective of comparative advantages, freeing up trade would give the developing countries a chance to specialise in the production of primary goods and export the surplus to the developed countries in exchange of e. g. industrial goods (Salvatore 2012).However, some sources argue that when the trading is between a poor country trading primary goods and a rich country trading industrial goods the latter will benefit the most, because the poor country will have to export more in order to import a corresponding amount (Madely 2000). In contrast, Samuelson (1939) argues that any kind of trade is better than no trade and Salvatore (2012) concludes that developing countries should tarry trading as long as they gain. The capital they get from the trade should be used to change their technology, which will change their comparative advantages from primary goods to more refined goods.This is supported by Winters et al. (2004) who point knocked out(p) that connection be-tween the liberalisation of trade and growth have not yet been completely proven, however in that location is no proof that trade should be harmful to growth. Moreover, barriers of free trade are not the exclusively factor causing poverty wars, corruption, diseases, and natural disasters are just a few internal fac-tors that take for the poor countries in poverty (Salvatore 2012). Another argument for free trade is that it would utilise the developing countries unutilised resources, caused by the insufficient national demand, more efficient.Free trade would give productions in developing countries a chance to divvy up their surplus on a greater trade and with this give the developing countries a vent for their surplus (Salvatore 2012). Furthermore, free trade would increase the efficiency of domestic producers in order for them to compete with foreign companies. In addition, the expanding of the market size would form a basis for division of labour and economies of scale (Salvatore 2012). Advocates of free trade argue that free trade will maximise the worlds well-being (Bussolo et al. 2011).This is supported by the theory of imposing tariffs in small and large countries (Salvatore 2012). A small country is defined as a country where changes in the domestic market would not affect the international market price and a large country is defined as a country where changes would affect the international market prices (Salvatore 2012). If a small country imposes import tariffs they will experience an overall blemish in welfare, because of deadweight loss which is caused by inefficiency in domestic production. If a large country imposes tariffs they will xperience an improvement in welfare because they are able to affect the international market price, the producers surplus rise and the presidential terms r even soue increases (Salvatore 2012). However, gains from tariffs are often only short term when a large country imposes tariffs their trading partners probably will too. This will result in reduced traded volume, which in the long term will cause a decrease in world welfare. Madely (2000) argues that free trade, historically, has raised the welfare of many an(prenominal) nations, however, but not for the poorest nations.He claims that free trade mostly benefits the multinational companies, because the rise of food import has compel the smaller farmers to sell their land to the larger companies. Furthermore, the multinational companies do not have any payload or loyalty to the country in which they are active, which means that the poorest stay poor. In contrast one dollar bill (2005) claims, that the fast growth and reduction of poverty has been strongest in the developing countries that have included themselves in the world economy most rapidly.Furthermore, Salvatore (2012) states that trade will move new technologies, ideas, and managing skills from the developed countries to the developing countries. So even though multinational com panies are taking over the small farmers land they still provide the producing country with new knowledge and tools that can help the country develop new comparative advantages. Winters et al. (2004) claim, that freeing up trade is one of the easiest ways to reduce poverty.Agricultural trade reforms would have the largest and most decreed impact on poverty, because three-quarters of the worlds poorest people still hinge on farming as their main source of income (Anderson et al. 2011). Furthermore, the poor countries also often have a large number of out of practice(predicate) workers, which give the poor nations a comparative advantage in exporting labour-intensive goods (Bhagwati & Srinivasan 2002). This paper determines that free trade overall would be in the interest of the poorest countries. Free trade will increase the orbicular welfare and help the poor countries develop their comparative ad-vantages.Multinational companies investments in the poor countries will result in m oving of tech-nology, ideas and skills. However, theory is not always consistent with practice, why it is important to examine the different perspectives in each case. Abolishing the worlds trade tariffs would indeed help the worlds poorest countries access a greater market to sell their goods, however, freeing up trade alone would not completely take place poverty wars, diseases, corruption, and catastrophes are also strong influential factors of poverty.